ACADEMY REALISM AESTHETIC MOVEMENT IMPRESSIONISM MODERN SCULPTURE SYMBOLISM POST-IMPRESSIONISM NEO-IMPRESSIONISM ART NOUVEAU First underground railway opens in London Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone Thomas Edison patents light bulb Canadian-Pacific railway opens Eiffel Tower completed in Paris Wilhelm Rontgen discovers X-rays First Zeppelin airship launched in Germany Guglielmo Marconi transmits wireless signals across the Atlantic Completion of Aswan Dam on the Nile First successful flight by the Wright Brothers Herman Melville, Moby Dick Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary Charles Dickens, Great Expectations Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace (Part 1) Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment First performance of Richard Wagner's opera Das Rheingold George Eliot, Middlemarch Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House First part of Oxford English Dictionary is completed Last Impressionist exhibition in Paris Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage Georges Melies, A Trip to the Moon Second Republic dissolved in France. Napoleon III takes power as emperor Britain and France join Crimean War Crimean War ends Abolition of slavery in United States President Abraham Lincoln assassinated King of Prussia becomes Emperor Wilhelm I of a united Germany Britain buys Suez Canal Germany signs alliance with Russia and Austria New Zealand becomes first country to grant women the vote Beginning of Dreyfus affair in France Spanish-American War. America gains Philippines and Puerto Rico Boxer Rebellion in China suppressed by foreign intervention Death of Queen Victoria (1819-1901) Gustave Courbet independently exhibits outside the Exposition Universalle, Paris Albert Memorial completed in Hyde Park, London Monet and Renoir paint at La Grenouillere, near Paris Metropolitan Museum, New York, is founded Vendome Column destroyed during Paris Commune First Impressionist exhibition, Paris Statue of Liberty is unveiled in New York Van Gogh and Gauguin paint in Arles Paul Gauguin departs for Tahiti Gustav Klimt and others found Vienna Secession | MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY CUBISM FUTURISM COLLAGE READYMADE SUPREMATISM DADA DE STIJL CONSTRUCTIVISM Russo-Japanese War ends, Russia defeated Finland is the first country to give women the vote Mahatma Gandhi begins campaign of non-violent resistance in South Africa NAACP established in USA U.S. Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil The Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks Worldwide influenza epidemic kills millions Benito Mussolini comes to power Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf Albert Einstein publishes paper on special theory of relativity First successful parachute jump Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line in Detroit Completion of Panama Canal First successful helicopter flight Upton Sinclair, The Jungle Birth of Indian cult leader Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu (Volume 1) Charlie Chaplin begins making films D.W. Griffiths, The Birth of a Nation James Joyce publishes Ulysses in Paris George Gershwin completes Rhapsody in Blue Picasso and Braque begin to develop Synthetic Cubism Marinetti publishes Futurist Manifesto Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter founded in Munich Kazimir Malevich launches Suprematism Dada movement launched in Zurich Theo van Doesburg launches De Stijl Russian Imperial Academy abolished Walter Gropius founds the Bauhaus School Hans Prinzhorn, The Artistry of the Mentally Ill Andre Breton publishes Surrealist Manifesto | SURREALISM BAUHAUS ART DECO NEUE SACHLICHKEIT/ NEW OBJECTIVITY TOTALITARIAN ART SOCIAL REALISM WELDED METAL SCULPTURE Stock Market Crash leads to Great Depression Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany Germany invades Poland Starts WWII (1939-1945) France falls to German invasion Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor brings USA into WWII Penicillin isolated by Alexander Fleming Edwin Hubble announces that the universe is expanding The Richter Scale completed by seismologist Charles Richter Precursor to first computer is outlined by Alan Turing Xerography invented by Chester Carlson First nuclear reactor built by Enrico Fermi Microwave oven invented by Percy Spenser D.H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley's Lover Nation of Islam founded by Wallace Ford Muhammad Aldous Huxley, Brave New World Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer Frank Lloyd Wright builds Falling Water, Bear Run, PA Earnest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls Citizen Kane is released in cinemas John Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness George Orwell, Animal Farm Precisionist Charles Sheeler documents Ford's River Rouge plant, Michigan Museum of Modern Art opens in New York Walter Benjamin writes essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" Walker Evans and others document America as part of New Deal Matisse begins cut-paper collage technique | ART INFORMEL ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM KINETIC ART OP ART ASSEMBLAGE India gains independence from Britain Korean War begins Dwight Eisenhower becomes US president Treaty of Rome establishes European Economic Union Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba The transistors is invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories Francis Crick and James Watson discover structure of DNA Launch of Sputnik I, first artificial satellite Theodore Maiman produces first laser Anti-Communist HUAC hearings in Hollywood JD Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye JRR Tolkein publishes first instalments of Lord of the Rings First performance of John Osborne?s Look Back in Anger Jack Keroac, On the Road Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita Jean Dubuffet causes scandal with exhibition at Galerie Rene Drouin Jackson Pollock begins drip paintings The Abstract Expressionist ?Irascibles? protest against Metropolitan Museum Robert Rauschenberg, Erased De Kooning Drawing Jasper Johns begins work on Flag Clement Greenberg, "American-Type Painting" Jackson Pollock dies in car crash | POP ART FLUXUS ARTE POVERA MINIMALISM POST-MINIMALISM CONCEPTUAL ART PERFORMANCE ART LAND ART Cuban missile crisis John F. Kennedy assassinated Malcolm X assassinated Cultural Revolution begins in China Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria and Jordan Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space Broadcast of first transatlantic television signals via satellite Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic background radiation Christiaan Barnard completes first successful heart transplant Neil Armstrong becomes first man on moon Andy Warhol stages his first Pop art exhibition Marcel Duchamp retrospective, Pasadena, CA Clement Greenberg curates "Post-Painterly Abstraction" Joseph Kosuth creates One and Three Chairs Survey of Minimalism, "Primary Structures," at Jewish Museum, NY Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol Survey of Conceptual art, "Information," at MoMA, NY Robert Smithson creates Spiral Jetty |