Christian Boltanski

Summary of Christian Boltanski

Boltanski was a multimedia artist whose preoccupation with memory, the holocaust, mortality, and mourning earned him a reputation as a leader within the Conceptual Art and Post-Minimalism movements. His work consisted of highly individual narratives that were often constructed from seemingly inconsequential found materials such as family photographs, magazine cuttings, postcards, biscuit tins, toys, and discarded clothes. His early autobiographical pieces deliberately blurred the lines between fiction and reality as a way of questioning the idea of artistic myth making. As Boltanski matured, his work continued with these thematic preoccupations, but he became much more outward looking, creating complex and haunting monumental installations that would bring him international renown.

Accomplishments

• Boltanski habitually came back to the theme of how we mourn and memorialize our dead. The Holocaust had cast a shadow over his own upbringing, but his numerous "memorial projects" also connected to the more universal themes of memory, history, and one's own mortality. Indeed, the spectre of death loomed over Boltanski who once stated that making art was his only means of staying alive; a "thing to do so that I don't die", as he put it.
• Boltanski's work is autobiographical, but the stories he tells deliberately overlap with fiction. Combining images and objects from his own history with similar material that did not belong to him or his direct family, he created what he called an "individual mythology" which was a way to present his own life history as evidence of the collective memory of all mankind. It was also a way to debunk the mythology around artistic individualism.
• Boltanski's Saynètes Comiques (Comic Vignettes) series featured linear snapshot photographs of the artist posing in various disguises (dressed for a funeral, a wedding, a birthday ...) with some backgrounds filled in using pencils and pastels. These pieces saw Boltanski broaden the scope of his engagement with memory and "artificial history", but by more humorous means. He was insistent, however, that his vignettes be treated, not as comedy, or even satire. He saw his vignettes rather as a way of introducing the theatre of tragedy into his art.
• There was a strong sense of aimlessness underlining Boltanski's art. In installations such as Wheel of Fortune (2011), he invited his audience to ponder their very own existence and to ask one of the biggest questions of all: why have I been placed on this earth? For Boltanski there was no logic to human existence and that everything in life was ultimately linked to chance. This idea transferred to an impulsiveness in his artmaking which he once likened to the caprices of baking a "homemade cake".

The Life of Christian Boltanski

Speaking of an oeuvre dominated by the themes of memory, chance, and mortality, Boltanski once stated, "I like looking at the finger of God. Why it takes one [of us] and not another, why this one or that one, why now or why then. The finger of God is always on us".

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Important Art by Christian Boltanski

Artwork Images

1971

L' Album de la famille D. 1939-1964

L' Album de la famille D. 1939-1964 is a collection of 150 photographs borrowed from the family album of Boltanski's friend, Michael Durand, a Parisian gallery owner. Boltanski said, "I who knew nothing about them [the family] wanted to try to reconstitute their life by using these images which, taken at all the important moments, would remain after their death as proof of their existence. I could discover the order in which the photographs had been taken and the relations that existed between the persons represented in them. But I realised that I could go no further, because these documents appeared to belong to the memories common to any family, that each person could recognise himself in these vacation or birthday photographs. These photographs did not teach me anything about the Family D., they returned me to my own memories".

The work is one of the earliest indications of the artist's fascination with the illusion of photography, not just in the way it freezes memories, but also in the way it can allude to the idea of defeating death. Historian Lyn Gumpert stated: "these images are less reconstructing the history of the family D., as witnesses of collective rituals which we refer to common memories, such as the family party or holiday by the sea. What the album reveals, is also the fragility of our lives, crystallized in some events so stereotypical that they evacuate what is singular, what desperately, however, we try to fix in each photograph, and which always confuses in a collective, anonymous experience, as soon as the photograph leaves the private context [of the family album]".

As an introduction to its 2019 career retrospective, Center Pompidou de Paris presented L' Album de la famille D. at the beginning of the trajectory of Boltanski's oeuvre: "this work strongly marks Boltanski's career. Time, memory, death, photography already [in 1971] draw the quadrilateral within which the artist's future research will develop. This means that this route [through the exhibition] does not look like a path strewn with roses. Nearly half a century later, the Center Pompidou exhibition verifies, through dark spaces, barely lit by a pale electric light, this path marked out by theaters of shadows, black mirrors, altars, reliquaries, photographs of corpses, black portraits, the dead".

Installation: 150 photographs displayed across the span a museum wall

Artwork Images

1974

Le Mariage des parents: Saynètes Comiques (Comic Vignettes) series

In 1974 Boltanski produced a series entitled Saynètes Comiques (Comic Vignettes) having seen a performance by a German burlesque actor named Karl Valentin. Boltanski stated: "I got the idea of telling the story of my childhood, since this was my 'brand image,' but in a new way, in a clownish way". Boltanski restaged some significant events from his own family history - here through a trio of self-portraits he re-enacts his parents' wedding, posing (from left to right) as his father, a Catholic priest, and his mother. However, the series was not meant to be read as farce. Boltanski said: "The Saynètes Comiques were more of a work on the tragic. I didn't do them to make people laugh; it was a work on the human condition, the idea of a clown, but not a funny clown".

In some of the pieces, Boltanski embellished the photographs with oil crayons in a style that recalled Toulouse-Lautrec's posters, in others (including Le Mariage des parents) he added hand-written notes and/or drawn elements to the photographs in white ink. Taken as a whole, the series had an informality and spontaneity that critics have likened to street-theatre and, because of the way he retold his past through what he called "historical fictions", even the Spaghetti-Westerns (a name given to a series of films dealing explicitly with American history that were produced by Italians in Italy during the 1960s). Commenting on his performances in Saynètes Comiques, Boltanski stated (in the third person): "he outdid himself, he surpassed himself, he took a step back and started making fun of himself. He stopped talking about his childhood and started playing with it".

Silver Proof Photographs with White Ink

Artwork Images

1989

Réserve du Musée des Enfants I et II

Réserve du Musée des Enfants I et II is an installation featuring piles of children's clothes crammed into rows of metal shelving lit by desk lamps that are attached to the upper shelves (des Enfants I) and a set of shadowy black-and-white photographs of anonymous children which Boltanski had retrieved from newspapers and magazines (des Enfants II). The work was housed in the former reserve of the Children's Museum, in the basement of the Museum of Modern Art. The museum says of the installation: "Combining the sobriety of minimal art and the emotional violence of expressionism, the work [...] is rooted in an existential relationship to the world, where everyone can recognize and identify".

Boltanski began making installations using second-hand clothes in the late 1980s, exploring how fabric can invoke associations with the human body. He was drawn to the idea that fleeting lifespans could be represented by displaying clothes that have long outlived the bodies that carried them. This installation was designed to resemble the warehouses where Nazis stored the clothes of deported individuals and, when displayed in this way, the clothes become emotionally arresting symbols of history and death. As Boltanski himself pointed out, "Someone's photograph, garment or dead body are pretty much the same thing: there was someone there, now they're gone".

There is a disconcerting olfactory dimension to the work too. As the academic Mateusz Kapustka wrote after visiting the installation: "First, there is the smell [...] we immediately perceive the disturbing odour of old clothes, an indefinable trace of their former, now absent wearers [...] Such an olfactory notion of the human body does not belong to the ordinary museum experience. Thus, Boltanski's simulation of intimacy and its instantaneous denial are intensified within a very short moment, between smelling and seeing the work. The uniformity and anonymity of a common human odour arising from used things blurs the identity of their former owners, hitting our olfactory organ even before we apprehend the visual topography of the installation".

Installation, fabric, metal, lamps - The Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris

Artwork Images

1990

The Reserve of the Dead Swiss

In what many believe to be the artist's career defining work, Boltanski arranges 42 photographs featuring men, women, and children into an ordered group. Each framed photograph is lit with a small electric lamp to recreate the quietly glowing hum of candlelight. The photographs lean on a series of three shelves, one above the other, while white fabric featuring embroidered passages is bunched up below them, underlining the theme of history and how history is represented. Aside from the allusion to a "memento mori" the use of the spotlight more than hints at the idea of persecution and torture, and, especially when seen in context of the artist's earlier works, invites spectators to see in the faded faces references to the holocaust. However, by nominating the victims as Swiss, a neutral people, this association is rather confused and asks one to consider other potential historical connotations.

Boltanski gathered the photographs for this installation at random over several years from the obituaries section of the Swiss newspaper Le Nouvelliste du Valais. He re-photographed these small and grainy reproductions and then enlarged them. This process of digitisation gradually obscured the identity of the individual, leaving only a trace of their human presence behind.

Journalist John Quinn suggests that historically, "images of the recently deceased - as seen in newspapers, or on cemetery headstones in (predominantly) Catholic European countries - were sad affairs. The dead soul was captured as if they had just been told they were about to die: their faces in vague shock, eyes and mouths fading to black holes" and that Boltanski had become "keenly aware" of the "fascination [and] horror" that these images provoked.

Arranging the blurry photographs into a grid formation further desensitises the personalities of the subjects, turning them even into statistics, and thus prompting sobering reflections on the nature of human history and a reminder that life is fleeting and time fades memories (even through photographic "evidence"). Indeed, historian Paul McNally describes how Boltanski's "use of photography here is not concerned with questions into the aesthetic quality of artistic excellence but with the banal reproducibility and multiplicity of photography and importantly of the multiplicity (and regeneration) of human life and death". Describing Reserve: Dead Swiss as the artist's "most impressive work" he concluded that when seen collectively, the photographs "take on a monumental or cenotaph-like effect".

Installation, photography, fabric, lamps

1998

The Inhabitants of the Hôtel de Saint-Aignan in 1939

Writing for the New York Times in 1998, journalist Alan Riding stated that for a country "already crowded with museums dedicated to every imaginable topic, it was at the very least strange that until now France had no Jewish Museum worthy of the name". Given that "more Jews live in France than any other European country except Russia" and that "the fate of France's Jews in World War II, when 78,000 were deported, and after which only some 2,000 returned, is barely addressed", it seemed almost incredulous to some that the new Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme's (Museum of Jewish Art and History) only direct reference to the Holocaust could be "found in an installation by Christian Boltanski that includes a wall peppered with plaques that carry the names, birthplaces and professions of Jews who lived in the Hotel de Saint-Aignan in the late 1930's".

Featuring a series of 80 black lettered names posted onto a wall in the old courtyard, the paper plaques resemble the macabre death announcements that were once posted onto the walls of the cities in Eastern Europe during the Second World War. Each of the hotel residents worked as artisans (tailors, furriers, hat-makers, and the like) until the German occupation when many were arrested and sent to death camps. Below each name, Boltanski adds not just personal details, but in cases where it was known, the date of the convoy that took them away to their death.

Boltanski made this simple but devastating installation as a testament to individuals who brought the enlivened the building and made their own contribution to French cultural life. His installation, which this time touched directly and unambiguously on the theme of the fragility of human destiny, and the violence of Jewish history, was made from fly-posted paper which is itself inherently fragile; much like the passing of memories that would have otherwise disappeared forever. Riding wrote that the unveiling of Boltanski's work initiated a much larger discussion on "how far the Holocaust should be treated as a central event of Judaism and whether it should be commemorated in Jewish museums or through separate Holocaust memorials". But whatever the pros-and-cons of that debate, the art critic Jonathan Jones argued that Boltanski had "found an almost fairytale-like way to kick us out of our forgetfulness [and that] made him one of the great consciences in contemporary art".

Printing on Paper - Museum of Jewish Art and History, Paris

2008

The Whispers

The Whispers is a sound installation that Boltanski made for the 2008 Folkestone Triennial arts festival in England. He chose to commemorate the centenary of the First World War, acknowledging the role Folkestone played as a departure point for hundreds of thousands of soldiers heading towards the battlefields of Belgium and France. A series of benches were installed facing the English Channel towards France, and behind each bench is a stone pyramid containing sound recordings of soldier's letters sent during the war. When visitors sit on the bench the recording is triggered.

Each recording tells its own story: two recount the interaction between soldiers and their fiancées; another plays a transcript of a letter from a soldier to his parents; another recounts a soldier's thoughts on the final days before heading into combat (and possible death). There is a quiet intimacy invoked through these recordings and we are reminded how especially personal the craft of letter writing was during the war years. But, as with many of his other works, Boltanski renders his subjects anonymous, removing individual names as a reminder that these stories are representative of so many young men who lost their lives fighting the Great War.

Recreating these stories in the medium of sound also highlights the fragility of these moving stories and how easily they can disappear through time. We can see the influence of Boltanski's fleeting and ephemeral sound art on British artist Susan Philipsz, particularly her work War Damaged Musical Instruments, made for Tate Gallery in 2015-16. Her work features recordings on damaged musical instruments that, like Boltanski, used sound excerpts and as a reminder of the human sacrifice and suffering brought on by the ills of war.

Sound Installation - Folkestone, England

2011

Chance (The Wheel of Fortune)

In 2011 Boltanski presented his Chance installation for the French Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. As the title suggests, Chance was an exploration of the ideas of luck and fate and featured his Wheel of Fortune, a vast loop machine, stretched across a scaffold of steel piping, that picked up random pictures of hundreds of faces of new-born children as a means invoking the idea of the "lottery of life".

The artist installed an imposing structure to suggest the haunting quality of an abandoned factory space which he reinforced with blunt white strip lights. Through the centre of this structure a long scroll of paper runs in perpetual sequence on a motorised track, much like a movie film strip. The scroll features photographs gathered from Polish newspaper birth announcements. The scroll pauses intermittently allowing a single face is projected onto a huge, illuminated, screen before resuming its journey along the track. The Wheel of Fortune also places an emphasis on the multiplication of the human population and the idea that world birth-rates continue to exceed death rates. Boltanski further reinforces this concept with a giant red digital counter that displays daily statistics on birth and deaths. Reducing human lives to numbers in this way is a stark reminder that we are one of billions within the world population and that life is negligeable, and that each of us is headed towards death.

The art critic Ira Ferris wrote, "The 'Wheel of Fortune' suggests there is no particular order in the flow of babies, yet the machine works so perfectly precisely that there seems to be nothing unforeseen or aimless in this production. In fact, the image of a factory like manufacture paradoxically inspires contemplation on the function and purpose of human life". For his part, Boltanski told Rooksana Hossenally of Forbes magazine "When you are religious, you believe that you can't understand the order but that there is a reason that things happen. And I'm not religious so I don't believe there is a reason; hence why chance has always interested me a lot. Why are we what we are? Everything we are is linked to chance".

Installation - Carriageworks, Sydney

Biography of Christian Boltanski

Childhood

Christian Liberté Boltanski was born in 1944, ten days after the liberation of Paris (hence his middle name). His Corsican Catholic mother, Myriam (nee Marie-Elise Ilari-Guérin), was a left-wing novelist; his Jewish Ukrainian father, Etienne, a highly regarded doctor. During the occupation Boltanski's parents lived in constant terror of Nazi persecution. The couple staged a sham divorce in 1942 with Etienne purportedly fleeing to the southern French partition known as zone libre. In fact, Etienne spent 18 months hidden in a secret compartment between two floors of the large family house, only emerging at night-time to share his wife's bed. When she fell pregnant, Myriam was forced to go to great lengths to conceal her condition. As Boltanski explained: "My parents had many reasons to abort me because at that time they had divorced [...] Everybody knew my mother was alone because my father remained hidden under the floor for a year and a half. So, how could she explain her pregnancy?".

Boltanski grew up under dual cultures: Christian and Jewish. He recalled, "I was baptized, and when I was young I used to go to church. However, the Jewish side was much stronger and influential, and I felt linked to the Shoah [Holocaust, in Hebrew]. I heard many stories from survivors - my father was even one of them. Our house was his refuge and my family lived in distress; my father never went out alone [after the war]. We had this idea of extreme and constant danger [...] The Jewish side hasn't influenced me though, or at least not directly, but the ideas of Evil and Chance did. Survivors always posed this question: "Why did I survive? And how?" They were almost ashamed to be survivors".

In 2015 Boltanski's nephew, Christophe, published a memoir in which he described the plush Boltanski house, which was situated on the affluent rue de Grenelle, as "a palace" in which the family "lived like tramps". Boltanski and his brothers, Luc and Jean-Elie, stopped attending school and "were kept at home by a fearful and possessive mother who forbade the visits of friends". He added that the siblings even "slept at the foot of their parents' bed until they were in their teens".

Once Boltanski stopped going to school, he announced he wanted to become a painter. "I was lucky because my parents understood", he said. He spent the remainder of his adolescence at home making art in his room while his older brother, Jean-Elie (a future professor of linguistics), taught him to speak English. Boltanski said of his first paintings: "When [Jean-Elie] wanted to move into the room where we kept the paintings [he] asked me what to do with them and I told him to just throw them away [...] for me painting was just a way to survive". Boltanski added that at this point he was only painting "two types of subjects: the massacre of the innocents and the Turkish entering the city of Van, which is another massacre. I was only painting scenes of massacres, which is also something that hasn't changed much. They were naïve and violent, with blood everywhere".

Early Training and Work

Boltanski was self-taught and cites Goya, the Old Masters, and Art Brut (and other naïve painting) as his chief influences. His mother's friend had told her bluntly that her son's paintings were terrible and suggested that they jointly open an art gallery (which they did) so at least Christian "will learn something". He recalled, "I started to work in this horrible gallery, through which I met many artists. Very quickly I started to gain power in the gallery, doing different things like life-size expressionist dolls made out of fabric. Then I started to make films with the dolls and at some point I started to grow up".

His first solo exhibition, La Vie Impossible de Christian Boltanski (The Impossible Life of Christian Boltanski) was held in 1968 at the Théâtre du Ranelagh in Paris and it represented Boltanski's first attempts to tackle what would become a recurring theme of life and lost memories. It was also an attempt to create an aura of mystery and doubt around the identity of the artist himself. In respect of the latter, the public "performances" of Joseph Beuys had proved inspirational, particularly in the way the German had constructed an artistic persona that blurred the lines between myth and reality.

It was towards the end of the 1960s that Boltanski publicly declared "my childhood has ended". A time of great transformation (and anxiety) for Boltanski, he began work on his book, Recherche et présentation de tout ce qui reste de mon enfance, 1944-1950 (Research and presentation of all that remains of my childhood 1944-1950) (1969). Carrying forward the themes of La Vie Impossible de Christian Boltanski, the book amounts to a montage of photocopies of anything ranging from a class photograph, a piece of sweater and a shirt, and an early reading book and a photograph of his bed. The book might have been a way of preserving the artist's own childhood memories, but Boltanski was equally interested in collective memory and so the everyday objects he presented may, or may not, have been personal relics from his own childhood.

In 1971 Boltanski produced his installation, L' Album de la famille D. 1939-1964 of which he stated: "D. stands for Durant - the most common family name in France - and the family in the album is common, middle class. The photo album is a social repertoire in which the same images, depicting special moments, are repeated over and over again - feeding the newborn, building the house, Christmas. The most common thing is also the most universal [...] L'Album de la famille D. or any photo album is something that resembles us. I couldn't use my own childhood because it was too strange and exceptional, so I used the one of my friend Michel Durant who had the most common childhood you can image".

In 1972 he was invited by the curator Harald Szeemann to exhibit at the celebrated Documenta V quinquennial in Kassel, Germany. It proved to be the turning point in his career, bringing him his first taste of international recognition. It led to a highly prolific and productive period for Boltanski. His stature within the French avant-garde (though he once said that "I feel more like a central European artist. As an artist I have no country") bloomed as he would rub shoulders with Paris based artists including Annette Messager, Gina Pane, Sarkis, Jean Le Gac, and Paul-Armand Gette, all of whom were, like him, exploring the theme of personal myth making.

Boltanski and Messager fell in love and later moved together to Malakoff in the southwest suburb of Paris. The couple only rarely collaborated but shortly after they met, they made The Honeymoon (Le Voyage de Noces) together in 1975. It was a mural installation evoking a shared personal memory through twenty-one drawings and eighty-six color photographs. Having agreed to remain childless, they stayed together until Boltanski's death.

Mature Period

Later in the 1970s Boltanski abandoned his penchant self-mythologising, moving instead towards broader, more universal themes. Photography became his dominant mode of practice and he was fascinated by the way a mechanically produced picture could create a distance between the viewer and the real object, a process he described as a "cooling-off" period. He observed, "objects are in the intimate, touchable realm: photographs in the realm of representation". Andy Warhol's factory approach to making art provided a strong influence, too; especially the way a photograph could flatten and depersonalise a disturbing or distressing subject.

By the 1980s Boltanski's work had become much less autobiographical and more attuned to the lives of others. He began creating the complex and narrative-rich installations that would gain him international renown. Found objects and archival photographs, loaded with historical significance, were a central component in many of his most celebrated installations of the era. These items were carefully chosen for their haunting, atmospheric qualities, sometimes arranged into altar-like grids, and lit with small lamps resembling devotional candles. Most of his installations addressed themes related to human memory, trauma, and suffering, particularly during the Holocaust and thereby placing Boltanski's own family history in the bigger social context. This combination of Minimalist structure and historically rich content earned Boltanski a reputation as a leader in Conceptual Art and Post-Minimalism, placing him next to artists such as Rebecca Horn and Mona Hatoum.

In the haunting, Altar to Chases High School (1988), Boltanski arranges photographs and rusted old biscuit tins into the formation of a religious altarpiece. The spiritual quality was reinforced using small lamps which glow like candles, illuminating the faces of the anonymous figures. The portraits are black and white enlargements from smaller photographs, making them blurred and indistinct; spectre-like relics returning from the past. Boltanski made this installation as a memorial to students from the Viennese Chases High School for Jewish students. The faces are taken from a real photograph of the 1931 graduating class that Boltanski found in the Austrian filmmaker Ruth Beckerman's 1984 book Die Mazzesinsel, which described Vienna's Jewish second district between the years 1918 and 1938. Art critic Lynn Gumpert calls this subtle celebration of life and its inherent impermanence a "terrible gentleness", while art critic Adrian Searle says of Boltanski, "He deals in traces rather than ghosts, with shadows and lists [...] His art, ultimately, is a memorial to nothing, to everyone and no one".

In 1988 Boltanski gave an interview in Bomb Magazine to writer and dance ethnologist Irene Borger in lieu of his exhibition, The Temporary Contemporary, in Los Angeles's "cathedral like" Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA). He spoke to Borger about his fears that "the Jews, like the American Indians, were dying out" and that his Hasidic installation "took on the look of a museum of an extinct race, a shamanic and sinister version of the Calder Circus" (a reference to American sculptor/performance artist Alexander Calder's Circus performance of the late 1920s that featured a collection of miniatures which he operated by pullies and springs). He said of the installation: "The pieces do have a function. A good piece of art must be something very open - that's why it's so difficult to speak about art. The work of art is something that stimulates memory. You look at it and you remember something else".

That same year, the artist also incorporated many images from his first installation, La Vie Impossible de Christian Boltanski into a monumental project called Les Archives de CB 1965-1988. The art critic Charles Darwent called it "an enterprise of such epic vastness - there were by now well over 2,000 individual items of ephemera in the artist's collection - that it begged the question of how, or indeed whether, it could be viewed. Boltanski seemed to be drawing on the double meaning of the word "enormity", capable, in French as in English, of expressing both great size and great horror".

In 1990, Boltanski produced one of his best-known pieces, The Reserve of Dead Swiss. It featured a montage of cropped photographs taken from the death notices in a provincial Swiss newspaper called Le Nouvelliste du Valais. He enlarged 42 portraits, to the point that the faces became obscure, and then illuminated each with a single electric bulb. He said of the piece, "I suppose part of the work is also about the simple fascination of seeing somebody who is handsome and imagining his ashes".

Boltanski, Messager, and their friend Sophie Calle shared a studio in the Parisian suburb of Malakoff where each worked individually to produce art that established them as leading lights on the Parisian art scene. While they developed their own different styles, Boltanski and Messager did come together for one of their few collaborations, Le Grenier de Chateau (The Castle Attic) - consisting of 12 rows of sheets hanging on lines, covering the entire 200 m² of the castle's top floor attic gallery space - at the Rochechouart Museum of Contemporary Art in 1990.

The museum described how the installation "evokes the attics of yesteryear where clothes were dried and children's favorite playground. On these sheets [...] Messager pinned small black and white photographs of body fragments, naive drawings, embroidered words like uncertainties and jealousy, painted with blood ghostly and fairy figures [while] Boltanski hung some clothes and designed the showcase of the exhibition" resulting in a work that, when taken as a whole, offered "a captivating crossing of the stages of life".

Late Period

During the 2000s, Boltanski designed several monumental installations. In 2005, he began his collection of recordings of heartbeats which he gathered from across the world. It was a utopian concept designed to capture and preserve "the heartbeat of humankind". From July 2010, Les Archives du cœur (the heart archives), where the name of each individual registered next to the individual recording, has been curated by a private collector and housed on the island of Teshima, in the Sea of Japan, where it is on display to the public.

In January 2010 Boltanski, who was now 64 years of age, made headlines when he "sold the remainder of his life" to the wealthy Australian gambler and art collector David Walsh. They agreed that Walsh would install four cameras in Boltanski's Paris studio, and the footage, titled The Life of C.B., would then be projected live into a cave on Walsh's property. Under the terms of their contract, the Australian would pay the Frenchman for the exclusive right to film him 24 hours a day for the rest of his life. The live footage would be projected in Walsh's cave-gallery, the Museum of Old and New, in Hobart, Tasmania. Commenting on the fact that he was more often away from the studio than in it, and, indeed, that there was rarely anything to see in any case because he worked mostly on a computer, Boltanski stated: "you don't have to go to Tasmania to see the artwork because there's nothing to see. What is important is to know that the piece exists. That's what I mean when I say that I create a legend. It's not about the object it's about being aware of its existence".

Also in 2010, he produced the installation Personnes (People) (or "person" or "nobody" in French) which opened at the Grand Palais before transferring to the Park Avenue Armory in New York where it was retitled No Man's Land. The installation used a 60ft crane that dropped items of discarded clothing into a huge mound accompanied by the sound of 75,000 beating hearts. For many, the piece inferred the idea of extinction and that these rags represented all that was left behind by those who perished at the Nazi concentration camps.

Between 2010-15, he completed projects in several South American countries, including Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. In 2014 he produced his outdoor installation, Animitas (Little Souls), in the Atacama Desert in Chile, a site thought to have the lowest level of light pollution in the world. The work was made up of 800 tiny Japanese bells that represented the configuration of the sky on the date of his birth (September 6, 1944). When moved by the breeze, the bells gently tolled evoking what Boltanski called "the music of the spheres and the voices of drifting souls". Boltanski said of the piece: "I chose to call the installation Animitas, which refers to the altars that native Indians put on the side of the roads to honor the dead. I think we are surrounded by ghosts, and they are materialized by these bells. It is indeed the music of the sky. I was interested in making something rudimentary in this place [...] I wanted to find the simplicity, the softness of the sound of a small bell".

In January 2021 (shortly after his career retrospective at Centre Pompidou) Boltanski exhibited (also at the Marian Goodman Gallery in Paris) an installation called Après (Afterwards). It introduced a video installation and a series of new sculptures which Boltanski titled, Les Linges (The Linens). He was reinterpreting the themes that had guided him throughout his career, only this time, in response to the global pandemic. Les Linges comprised stacks of clinical white cloths placed on trolleys which spectators walked between. The journal ArtReview wrote: "Refraining from addressing the pandemic directly [...] Boltanski successfully absorbs it into his material vocabulary and sweeping approach to trauma and history. Present time is subsumed into the last century of horrors that forms his central concern. Plus, during the pandemic, ordinary mourning rituals were prohibited in many countries and funeral ceremonies were banned. Many were forced to say goodbye to their loved ones on a video call. It feels important to linger among Boltanski's strange, disquieting memorials".

In his obituary for Boltanski, Darwent noted that when accepting the commission for his famous live video feed project, The Life of C.B., his patron David Walsh agreed to pay Boltanski in monthly instalments. The two men joked that on Boltanski's current commission rates it would take eight years for the artist to "break even". Since Walsh had made his millions as a gambler, he wagered that the artist would die before then because Walsh "never loses" (a bet). Boltanski told Walsh he was probably right since he "didn't look after [himself] very well". Darwent concluded his eulogy by making the wry observation that when he died in July 2021 Boltanski, by then some "four years to the good" on their deal, had long since won the bet.

The Legacy of Christian Boltanski

Boltanski's place in the evolution of Conceptual Art and Post-Minimalism has influenced a range of artists. The notion that objects and mementoes carry great personal and historical significance was developed for instance by the German conceptual artist, Rebecca Horn, who has arranged inanimate items including pianos, violins, and ladders in such a way to invoke the horrors of suffering and war. Similarly, British artist Cornelia Parker plays with the way ordinary household ephemera can become "imaginative currency" through various acts of destruction including burning, squashing and exploding.

Various artists associated with the Young British Artists movement have carried forward the influence of Boltanski, most notably Rachel Whiteread who, like Boltanski, is fascinated by ghostly relics and the invocation of collective memory. Her haunting and silent Holocaust memorial is a stark reminder of how easily individual lives and stories are lost through the horrors of war. Damien Hirst also explored the precarious balance between life and death by suspending animals in formaldehyde or arranging brightly coloured pills and potions into sensuously appealing, almost spiritual arrangements to emphasise the hope we invest in their life-saving potential. Meanwhile, Boltanski's appropriation of found photography chimed with the Pictures Generation in the United States including artists Richard Prince and Barbara Kruger. More recently, British artist John Stezaker splices apart old photographs and, like Boltanski, invests in them a surreal and magical quality.

Influences and Connections

Influences on Artist

Influenced by Artist

Artists

• Francisco Goya
• Donald Judd
• Bruce Nauman
• Anselm Kiefer
• Andy Warhol

Friends & Personal Connections

• Joseph Beuys
• Sophie Calle
• Hans Ulrich Obrist
• Jean Le Gac
• David Walsh

Movements & Ideas

• Art Brut and Outsider Art
• Pop Art
• Conceptual Art
• Post-Minimalism

Artists

• Rebecca Horn
• Rachel Whiteread
• Cornelia Parker
• Mona Hatoum
• Mike Kelley

Friends & Personal Connections

• Gina Pane
• Annette Messager
• Luc Boltanski
• Sarkis
• Paul-Armand Gette

Movements & Ideas

• Conceptual Art
• Post-Minimalism

Open Influences

Close Influences

Useful Resources on Christian Boltanski